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There was just the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate. It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . This regional arrangement gave rise to ethnic sentiment and political struggle for the center among the three major ethnic groups in Nigeria. Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Federalism as said earlier decentralizes power. Wheare who contends that it is a system where powers are shared between central and regional governments so that each is in a sphere cordinate and independent. w !1AQaq"2B #3Rbr As one of the most effective frameworks for governing a pluralistic society, Nigeria adopted Federalism to manage her multi-ethnic state. stream Federalism was favoured among other systems of government in a bid to averting both fancied and real fear of domination among the minorities. federalism, a heavily coercive effort by a nondemocratic centralizing power to put together a multinational state, some of the components of which had previously been independent states. For instance, such noun phrases like: nationality, nation, citizenship, identity, ethnicity, ethnic group, indigene, state of origin, etc, are inherently conflict laden, with abundant intellectual understandings. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. 2) The Problem of Minorities: In Nigeria, there are majority groups and minority groups. Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. Under this type, there exist a balkanization of formerly unitary state near disintegration and its diversities which progress to a state. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. SjHw`d"*z;3N&W3k]:}N\t+5 (Nw3hW"T"aDV$V e. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. Instead of designing a government that should unite the different elements in Nigeria, the colonialists fully adopted federal stem of government in 1954 and created greater regional autonomy. Send the Following Details on WhatsApp ( 08143831497) After Payment. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Critically, after that train, every other train went to Nigeria from Nigeria, indicating the enormity of the wall of enmity demarcating Nigeria from the sovereign State of Biafra. 4 Topics . It has severally been emphasized by both the Northern and Western politicians that God did not create Nigeria but the British. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. ICT services have help in the improvement of the markets, reduction in transaction costs and increase . The paper identifies and discusses the problems associated with separatist movements and how they affect national and social security, and argues that while the definition of state failure is contested and therefore Nigeria cannot yet be called a failed state, but certainly a fragile state. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. /Font << The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. Despite the profound and lengthy discussions that have taken place on the subject for about four and half decades, consensus has not been reached concerning the optimal formula to adopt to achieve desired economic development . Stated reasons of the coup were prevailing gangsterism and disorder, corruption and nepotism in the civil government. /Length 14727 It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. In Nigerian democracy, there is a federalist system of government. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. This paper is a critical exploration of the current challenges bedeviling the Nigerian state, capable of heating up the polity and disintegrating the Nigerian project. Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. The Plural nature of Nigeria. << Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. In this article, I will elucidate and discuss with references the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. Since federal systems have been formed for different reasons and to Download Defensive Federalism [PDF] Format for Free - Clemson Parade All rights reserved. Federalism therefore involves the linkage of individuals, groups and policies in lasting but limited union in such a way as to provide for the energetic pursuit of common goals while maintaining the respective integrities of all parties. The regional government had power over matters that are listed under the residual list. More importantly, certain heavy but blurred (or fluid) terminologies that define or designate Nigerias federal principle, which are highly pertinent to coexistence, have yet compounded the theoretical and practical significance of federalism in Nigeria. The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The fear of marginalization by the minority in a unitary system of government has, to a great extent, influenced the majority state support for federating states. "There are reasons why some nation-states opt for federalism. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? PDF Federal Theory and Federalism in Africa Berihun Gebeye - McGill University Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. The Complete Material Will Be Sent To Your . Best information base for latest information both national and international. >> Multi-Ethnicity Nigeria is a country with a lot of ethnic groups. (Tanzi, 1996). It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Abacha regime, added more states making Nigeria a federation of 36 states and Federal capital Territory at Abuja. History of federal system of government in nigeria. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Moreover, This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. There must be a formal decision of government powers by the constitution between the federal and state government. /Parent 2 0 R 6 0 obj The Attorney General sought to know whether the 13% sharing formula of the oil producing states should include revenue from oil producing states should include revenue from oil production activities off shore. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. Federalism in India. PDF Federalism in Nigeria: the Past, Current Peril and Future Hopes Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Problems of Nigerian Federalism 1) Revenue Allocation: This has been a problem in Nigeria. ICT and Its Impact on National Development In Nigeria: An Overview Historical experience 3.2 2. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. The constitution emphasized areas of authority between the central government and the regions. examines the question on why federalism has not succeeded in managing and accommodating diversity in Nigeria. Another important factor that necessitated federalism in Nigeria was the political culture of the country. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. Federalism is a mixed form of government where there is a general government always known as the central or federal government and regional governments which could be provincial or states governments. This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. All attempts to solve these problems over the years have failed. In 1954, the Nigerian founding fathers opted for a federal system of government despite its inherent challenges in a pluralistic society. PDF Fiscal Federalism in Nigeria: Theory and Dimensions Hon. It advocates good governance and a participatory approach to constitutional review as the foundations for strong constitutionalism in Nigeria. Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and. Excellent, thanks a lot f The fact that these nations chose to adopt a federal system does not prove anything; it does, however, suggest that federalism may help these countries manage the problems that come with ethnic . In his judgment, Ogundare JSC agreed that the provisions to Sections 162(2) of the constitution re-stabilized the principle of derivation. The size of Nigeria is therefore managed and maintained with federalism. As at the time of independence, the population of Nigeria was estimated at 45.21 million. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Insecurity and the desire for union are the main reasons for the shift from unitary system of government to federal system of government in 1954. %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz The intimidating size of Nigeria does not only earn her an international respect but also provides her with a buffer to attacks by rogue nations and disgruntled neighbours. After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. 4 0 obj Just very few words have evoked much more controversy in the discus of politics than the word, federalism. /F7 24 0 R Since 1954 successively Nigerian constitution had adopted the federal system of government without much emphasis on the unity or disunity it has accorded to Nigeria. To learn more, view ourPrivacy Policy. This allows the central or federal government to share governmental powers between the central or federal government and the components regions, state, etc. However, that is not so in a federal government system. - Cooperative or "marble-cake" federalism is de ned as a exible relationship between the national and state government in which both work together on a variety of issues and programs. We can offhandedly list all of the reasons for the adoption of federal system in Nigeria. 3 0 obj The Challenge of Domesticating Children's Rights Treaties in Nigeria Present Nigeria was formed by the amalgamation of two regions which many see as a big influence in why federalism was later adopted by the British and later on by Nigerian leaders as at the time of independence. reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria pdf What is federalism? Not minding the general relevance of these coinages, an arduous task lies in properly assessing their specific impacts in a given political enclave. 3l:rmO"XDhG%2| The chief architect of this theory is Riker. The paper suggested that fiscal and political restructuring as panacea for the instituted conflicts and underdevelopment caused by quasi federalism through ongoing review of the 1999 constitution. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. Over the years, it is quite obvious that Nigeria is one of the few countries that adopted federal system of Government in Africa, a system that envisages autonomy for every sect of its authorities (federal, state and local government respectively).